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August 25, 1883, Vietnam signed Treaty of Hu e with France, recognized a protectorate over Annen and Tokin and disconnected its traditional links with China. France immediately announced to expel the "Black Flag Army" from Vietnam. About the relations between China and Vietnam in the Late Qing, you may refer to our research findings: Shiu Wen-tang, "Transition in the Diplomatic Relations between the Qing and the Nguyen Dynasties during the Nineteenth Century".
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