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September 14, 1898, the Qing court released the rule of prohibiting the Banners from running business. Since the founding of the Qing Dynasty, it had been regulated that the banners could only serve the court or army. They were neither necessary nor allowed to make their own livings. The state would supplied their livelihood. However, along with the decline of the state's finance, the policy was modified. This modification also marks changes of ethnical relations. For more in-depth analysis you may refer to our research finding: Lai Hui-min, “An Iron Rice Bowl? The Households and Livelihoods of Sin Jeku Jetere Aha in the Imperial Household Department in Late Imperial China”.
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