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November 28, 1860, China passed the Northern Church and Southern Church in Beijing to the French Priests' management. France has been considering herself as the protector of Catholics, even more progressive than the Curia Romana. Later sent its own representative in China, and had some disputes. This is a worth-noticing event in Catholic history in China. For details, you may refer to our Bulletin: Alexander Tsung-ming Chen, "The Dispute between the Holy See and France over the Protectorate in China at the End of the 1920s –A Discussion Centered on the Apostolic Delegate Celso Costantini".
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