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Home
> Publications >
Bulletin
Vol. 108
ISBN:
1029-4740
Date:
2020-6
Softcover:250 TWD
Price:
未出版
Pages:
141
Vol.:
0
Size:
16 K
Other Ordering Methods:
WuNan
.
SanMin
.
Agent List
Abstract:
This issue contains three articles: “Embracing Simplicity, Denouncing Extravagance: The Finances of the Imperial Household during the Jiaqing Reign,” by Lai Hui-min; “The Local Operations of the Imperial Examination Quota System: The Case of Xinghua Prefecture, Fujian Province in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” by Ye Peng; “Textual Analysis of Kang Youwei’s Memorial on Cutting Queues, Changing Clothing, and Reforming the Reign Title System during the Wuxu Reform,” by Fan Xue-qing; Book Reviews: “Brett Sheehan,
Industrial Eden: A Chinese Capitalist Vision
,” by Lin I-cheng.
Contents
Articles
Embracing Simplicity, Denouncing Extravagance: The Finances of the Imperial Household during the Jiaqing Reign
[Abstract]
Lai Hui-min
PDF
1
The general understanding about imperial finances during the Jiaqing reign centers around the idea that “the fall of Heshen was a feast for Jiaqing,” assuming that by confiscating Heshen’s possessions the Jiaqing Emperor resolved the court’s financial issues. This article uses Qing Dynasty archives to argue that the value of Heshen’s possession was roughly equivalent to two years of income of Jiaqing’s Imperial Household. The sources of Imperial Household income under Jiaqing did not differ from those during the Qianlong reign, resting largely on customs tariffs and ginseng sales. Over time, the amount of tariff collected stabilized, largely consisting of tribute silver contributed by foreign merchants through the customs in Guangdong, as well as the sales of luxury items such as ginseng, gems, and fur. Another important income stream was the administration fees, processing fees, and interest collected by the Changlu and Lianghuai Salt Trade Offices. Jiaqing, though famously thrifty, ordered the Salt Trade Office of Lianghuai to deliver silver saved from redundant activities to the Imperial Household. Along with the tribute silver and Emperor’s birthday silver presented by salt merchants, these were major sources of income of the Imperial Household. It can be concluded that the income of the Imperial Household during the Jiaqing reign was based upon unofficial sources. During the White Lotus Rebellion, the emperor curtailed his personal expenditures and significantly reduced the activities of the Workshop of the Imperial Household. However, Jiaqing’s advocacy of “embracing simplicity, denouncing extravagance” was only temporary: after the Rebellion the extravagances of court life were resumed. Jiaqing reduced spending but did not develop new streams of income, resulting in problems that the Daoguang Emperor had to deal with. Overall, the Jiaqing Emperor’s conservative approach towards finance did not turn out to be a wise one.
Keyword
:Jiaqing Emperor, Imperial Household finances, Xianyu Reforms
The Local Operations of the Imperial Examination Quota System: The Case of Xinghua Prefecture, Fujian Province in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
[Abstract]
Ye Peng
PDF
55
For nearly one hundred years since the middle of the seventeenth century, conflicts over examination quotas took place between the counties of Putian and Xianyou in Xinghua Prefecture, Fujian Province. Under the impact of a series of historical events such as the dynastic change from Ming to Qing, coastal migration, and the Sanfan Rebellion, Xinghua Prefecture was in turmoil for a long time. At the same time, the people of Xinghua Prefecture selectively used the quota system to meet their goal of occupying as many positions as possible. In this process, the Putian side had the upper hand. With the weakening of the imperial examinations in Putian and the central government’s continued tightening of its power, however, the quota convention in Xinghua Prefecture was eventually abolished or moved into the institutional track. The settlement of the quota conflicts between Putian and Xianyou was not only a product of the compromise of local forces under the strong command of the central government, but also an inevitable result of the gradual improvement of the quota system during the Qing Dynasty.
Keyword
:imperial examination, imperial examination quotas, Ming and Qing dynasties, Putian, Xianyou
Textual Analysis of Kang Youwei’s Memorial on Cutting Queues, Changing Clothing, and Reforming the Reign Title System during the Wuxu Reform
[Abstract]
Fan Xue-qing
PDF
91
Kang Youwei’s Draft Memorials of 1898 [戊戌奏稿] includes an essay on cutting queues, changing clothing, and reforming the reign title system. Since the original memorial has not been found, the authenticity of this published version has been questioned. This article analyzes the texts and memorials that Kang Youwei wrote in 1898 and compares them with this alleged memorial. It is generally true that Kang Youwei, inspired by the examples of Russia and Japan, explicitly proposed these reforms. He sought to limit resistance by pointing to Japan’s successes with such reforms. However, during the actual Hundred Days of Reform, Kang Youwei's aggressive strategy rendered the reforms more difficult to carry out. When it proved hard to implement other measures, Zhang Yuanji and Li Yuerui may have acted on Kang Youwei’s behalf to demand that Emperor Guangxu change his clothing to the Western style, and cut queues. The existing memorial is a retrospective account of the event, yet the key message of changing clothing and cutting queues was promoted at the time. These ideas tend to overlap with Kang Youwei’s other texts and accounts in 1898, or can be traced back to 1898; however, the issue of reforming the reign title system remains uncertain, some concepts and formulations of which may have been added or revised afterwards. The existing memorial generally reflects Kang Youwei’s ideas and propositions on clothing and hair in 1898, though for the reign title system and other issues no firm conclusion can be drawn.
Keyword
:Kang Youwei, changing clothing, cutting queue, reform of the reign title system, Wuxu Reform
Book Reviews
Brett Sheehan,
Industrial Eden: A Chinese Capitalist Vision
Lin I-cheng
PDF
133
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