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Home
> Publications >
Bulletin
Vol. 130
ISSN：
1029-4740
Date：
2025-12
Softcover：250 TWD
Price：
未出版
Pages：
145
Vol.：
0
Size：
16 K
Other Ordering Methods：
SanMin
．
Agent List
Abstract：
This issue contains three articles: “The Alignment of Anti-Communism and Pro-Japan Sentiments: The Competitive Dynamics of Germany’s Far East Policy from 1936 to 1938,” by Che-Wei Chang; “War, Allies, and Minerals: The National Resources Commission in the Trade of Tin and Tungsten with the US and the USSR (1938–1945),” by Hong-Ming Chen; “The Inaugural National Health Administration Conference in 1949 and the Preliminary Formulation of Health Policy in the People’s Republic of China,” by Fan Xueqing; Book Reviews: “Shinyoung Kwon,
Moral Authoritarianism: Neighborhood Associations in the Three Koreas, 1931-1972
,” by Lung-Ta Wei.
Contents
Articles
The Alignment of Anti-Communism and Pro-Japan Sentiments: The Competitive Dynamics of Germany’s Far East Policy from 1936 to 1938
[Abstract]
Che-Wei Chang
PDF
1
After Hitler came to power, Germany’s Far East policy was not shaped by unilateral decisions but rather by competitive dynamics among various factions, each prioritizing different practical interests. The military focused on “military reorganization interests” tied to the tungsten mines in southern Jiangxi and the lucrative arms market in China; the Foreign Ministry emphasized “commercial interests,” prioritizing the protection of German nationals and trade in China; whereas the Nazi Party centered its attention on the “strategic interests” of geopolitics concerning the Soviet Union. On the surface, policy disputes revolved around the relationship between “anti-communism” and “pro-Japan” stances, but fundamentally reflected differing priorities in balancing these interests. Conversations between Oskar Trautmann (1877–1950) and Hitler in 1936 reveal that while both agreed on the former, their views diverged on pro-Japan policies. Hitler mistakenly believed that anti-communism could resolve Sino-Japanese tensions and strengthen Germany’s strategic foothold in the Far East, which led to the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. However, the political ramifications of the pact far exceeded expectations, indirectly triggering the Xi’an Incident and destabilizing Sino-German cooperation. Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, internal disagreements arose within Germany regarding whether Japan’s military actions in China aligned with anti-communism. To maintain consensus, Germany actively promoted the Trautmann Mediation. But after it had failed, Germany gradually recognized that the Nationalist government could not regain control over the Chinese market, with only Japan being able to stabilize the occupied territories and safeguard German trade interests. Consequently, by mid-1938, Germany chose to compromise with Japan, officially recognizing Manchukuo and recalling its military advisory mission from China. Their commercial interests in China ultimately became the adhesive that allowed the Nazi Party to align anti-communism with pro-Japan policies. This shift marginalized the pro-China faction within the Foreign Ministry, while arms shipments to China were carried out covertly. Germany’s Far East policy thus fully pivoted toward Japan.
Keyword
：German Far East policy, Anti-Comintern Pact, Hitler, Trautmann Mediation, Germany’s interests in China
War, Allies, and Minerals: The National Resources Commission in the Trade of Tin and Tungsten with the US and the USSR (1938–1945)
[Abstract]
Hong-Ming Chen
PDF
51
In the early twentieth century, as minerals were critical raw materials, the economic relationship between countries with industrial demand and raw material suppliers often implied a hierarchy of dominance and subordination. During the Second World War, however, specific minerals became of strategic importance, leading to a change in the established economic hierarchy. For China, rich in mineral resources, tin and tungsten proved critical in barter loan negotiations with the United States and the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. As the war worsened, the domestic production and transportation of minerals in China became increasingly difficult. With limited resources, reconciling the demands of the US and the USSR for tin and tungsten posed a significant challenge for the National Resources Commission (NRC). The NRC endeavored to overcome these difficulties by shipping a certain amount of tin and tungsten, as well as actively communicating and establishing connections within the framework of the Allied powers to further the flow of resources. Considering China’s move from seeking allies to collaborating with the Allied powers during the wartime period, this article focuses on the operations and coordination of the NRC in the mineral trade with the US and the USSR. It explores key aspects such as transportation and logistics, the allocation of materials, debt moratorium, and gold exchange, aiming to further deepen our understanding of China’s proactive initiatives during the Second World War.
Keyword
：National Resources Commission, critical raw materials, minerals, wartime barter loans, the Allied powers
The Inaugural National Health Administration Conference in 1949 and the Preliminary Formulation of Health Policy in the People’s Republic of China
[Abstract]
Fan Xueqing
PDF
93
The inaugural National Health Administration Conference (NHAC) of 1949 was held in Beijing shortly after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as instructed by Mao Zedong (1893–1976), Zhou Enlai (1898–1976), Zhu De (1886–1976), and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to draw up a blueprint for national health work. After two meetings held in October and November, the NHAC initially formulated the general guidelines for health work with “prevention first” as the core; adopted resolutions on medical education, public health, military health, work concerning medicinal materials, and health cadres; and made preparations for the 1950 National Health Conference. The NHAC thus played a pioneering and foundational role in the development of the PRC’s health projects, with its achievements providing a basis for the unified development of health work, laying the foundation for the establishment of the three major principles of health work in the early PRC, and promoting the formation of the later four major principles. But due to the impact of historical and practical factors such as the severity of the health situation in the early PRC and the inherent contradiction in the guiding ideology of the “scientifization of traditional Chinese medicine,” the NHAC and its resolutions encountered several problems in the advanced medical education system and in uniting traditional Chinese medicine practitioners, ultimately foreshadowing the series of twists and turns in the development of health work in the 1950s and thereafter.
Keyword
：National Health Administration Conference, health work, guidelines and policies, 1949
Book Reviews
Shinyoung Kwon,
Moral Authoritarianism: Neighborhood Associations in the Three Koreas, 1931-1972
Lung-Ta Wei
PDF
137
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