Academia Sinica
/
Sitemap
/
MH Login
/
中文
關鍵字搜尋
Events
> News
> Academic
About IMH
> Introduction
> Director’s remarks
> Organization
> Advisory board
> Research plans
> Research findings
> Honors
> Admin Staff
People
> Research fellows
> Corresponding Research Fellows
> Adjunct research fellows
> Postdoctoral fellows
> Doctoral candidate fellows
> Research Groups
Activities
Publications
> Historical sources
> Monographs
> Bulletin
> RWMCH
> Conference Volumes
> Other publications
> Hu Shih Publications
> eBooks
> Non-IMH publications
> Search
> Order
Academic exchanges
> List of Partner Institutions
> Visiting scholars
> Life and work
> Visiting scholars program
Resources
> Research Resources Links
> Special displays
> Video
> Picture of the Day
Contact
> Subscribe our RSS
> FAQ
> Contact us
Home
>
Vol. 125
ISSN：
1029-4740
Date：
2024-9
Softcover：250 TWD
Price：
未出版
Pages：
152
Vol.：
0
Size：
16 K
Other Ordering Methods：
MH
Abstract：
This issue contains three articles: “The Horse and the Qing Conquest of China,” by Yingcong Dai; “The Official Tea Marketing License System in Gansu Province and Early Qing Frontier Governance, 1644–1795,” by Lai Hui-min; “Examination of Chen Yi’s Governance in Fujian: A Case Study of Gao Chengxue (1898–1943), County Magistrate of Fu’an,” by Roger Shih-Chieh Lo; Book Reviews: “Ruth Rogaski,
Knowing Manchuria: Environments, the Senses, and Natural Knowledge on an Asian Borderland,
" by He Bian.
Contents
Articles
The Horse and the Qing Conquest of China
[Abstract]
Yingcong Dai
PDF
1
Horse riding and horseback archery were essential military skills of the Manchus, and horses were thus indispensable in their ascendance to power. However, the Manchus did not have a workable plan for their logistical needs, including horse acquisition, when they were set to conquer China proper in 1644. Throughout the conquest era, the horse supplies were severely strained, hampering their military operations in conquering the entire territory of the fallen Ming dynasty. In coping with the problem, the Qing state resorted to expedients, such as allowing Green Standard Army personnel to acquire and own horses themselves. Meanwhile, the Qing dynasty tried to place the breeding, possessing, and trading of horses in society under the government’s strict control, including imposing horse bans; the state monopoly of the horse market, however, failed to alleviate the shortages, instead giving rise to opportunities for contraband traders, with Qing officials, civil and military alike, being the leading force in smuggling horses from the northwest borderland. Based on numerous official reports from the conquest era containing an abundance of micro-level information and cases, this article aims to highlight the challenging situation the Qing conquerors faced and their inept response in the early years of the Qing dynasty. It also argues that the military elite dealing with and profiting from horses constituted a unique characteristic of military corruption in the early Qing.
Keyword
：military horses, war of conquest, horse bans, tea-horse trade, smuggling
The Official Tea Marketing License System in Gansu Province and Early Qing Frontier Governance, 1644–1795
[Abstract]
Lai Hui-min
PDF
49
The official tea marketing license 茶引 system in Gansu province during the Qing dynasty followed the tea-horse trade from the Song and Ming periods, but the trade in Gansu declined as a result of the extensive establishment of official pastures during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). Moving into the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735), the official tea marketing license system was continued due to the fact that during the wars between the Qing Empire and the Junggars (Dzungars), official tea was used to reward lamas at temples in Xining, Mongolian princes and soldiers of Qinghai, and Uighur leader Emin Khwaja 額敏和卓 (ca. 1694–1777), as well as to relieve displaced Mongolians. In 1739 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), the Qing court and the Junggar Khanate reached a cessation of hostilities and established trade relations. Tea and silk were important goods purchased by the Junggar peoples, and the official tea system thus persisted in the early Qing period. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns, a strategy of conciliation was applied to the Khalkha and Qinghai Mongol peoples to establish frontier order. When the Third Junggar-Qing War broke out in the Yongzheng reign, the Qing court ordered tea merchants to donate money as a form of additional income, namely “silver for nourishing incorruptibility” 養廉銀, to officials, donations which became a conventional norm after the war ended. In addition, Gansu was the transportation hub between the Central Plains and the Western regions. During the war, the Qing established three garrisons with military-agriculture colonies in Ningxia, Liangzhou, and Zhuanglang, a defense system which likewise remained following the war. All the expenses for transporting grain, post horses, repairing garrison structures, and storage were entirely paid from income generated by the official tea marketing license system, forming the local financial characteristics of Gansu.
Keyword
：official tea marketing license system, chayin system, the Junggar-Qing Wars, local finance
Examination of Chen Yi ’s Governance in Fujian: A Case Study of Gao Chengxue (1898–1943), County Magistrate of Fu'an
[Abstract]
Roger Shih-Chieh Lo
PDF
99
After the end of Fujian Incident of 1933, Chen Yi (1887–1950) from Zhejiang was appointed governor of Fujian province from 1934 to 1941. The significance of exploring Chen Yi’s governance in Fujian lies in the fact that, compared to provinces such as Shanxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Guangdong, which had strong local powers, Chen was directly appointed by Chiang Kai-shek, emphasizing a central effort to stabilize governance amid the looming Second Sino-Japanese War. To understand the local impact of Chen Yi’s policies and broader complexities within local governance, the political career of Gao Chengxue (1898–1943), the former pirate and later county magistrate of Fu’an, is illuminating as his roles as an advisor in Chen Yi’s government and as magistrate demonstrate the interactions between provincial authority and local society. During Gao’s tenure, the Fu’an Dadaohui (Big Swords Society) Incident occurred, linking local economic control policies with competition among merchants and elites. This incident reveals how centralized policies can provoke local responses, challenging assumptions about local politics being driven solely by corruption or incompetence. An examination of Chen Yi’s governance also emphasizes the significance of resource allocation by Chiang’s regime and the need for harmony between government and local communities. Despite efforts to maintain control, the influence of local power figures, known as “tuanfa” 團閥, significantly shaped the political landscape in Fujian. In conclusion, Gao Chengxue’s experience under Chen Yi’s administration provides valuable insights into the dynamics of local governance in early twentieth-century China, notably the challenges facing central authority in a politically diverse landscape.
Keyword
：Chen Yi, Gao Chengxue, Fujian governance, Fu’an county, local politics during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Book Reviews
Ruth Rogaski, Knowing Manchuria: Environments, the Senses, and Natural Knowledge on an Asian Borderland.
He Bian
PDF
145
Return