The late Ch’ing constitutional movement focused on establishing constitutional organizations. At that time, it the leaders who ardently supported the constitutionalist movement invariably made progress by organizing associations. Constitutional groups, in both China and abroad, jointly issued three national petitions, pressuring the Ch’ing court to establish a national parliament, provisional provincial councils, and a cabinet system. At the beginning of the Republic, many democratic measures had a solid foundation in the late Ch’ing preparations for the constitutional system, and the driving force of preparations for constitutionalism was rooted in political organizations.