Historical transitions in modern China were tangled and complicated, not to mention the transitions in the fields of politics and foreign relations. However, whether domestic or diplomatic, these changes were usually related to conflicts between ideal and reality and to competition between power and interests. People involved were hard to judge yet inspiring. This volume integrated related papers from the 4th International Conference on Sinology written by remarkable scholars including Yoshiki Enatsu, Ling-chun Wu, Masataka Matsuura, Wen-tang Shiu, Hong-min Chen, Tsu-yu Chen, Tzu-chin Huang, and Kwang-che Pan. It not only portrayed the multiply image of modern China’s politics and foreign relations, but also well presented the current progress of the study of Sinology.