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September 7, 1901, the Qing Empire signed the Boxer Protocol with the Allien of Eight Nations. The Great Powers had considered Empress Dowager Cixi to be the No. 1 war criminal. However, through Li Hongzhang's efforts, Cixi was waived in the Protocol. Even though, Her war responsibilities still exist in Chinese common people's historical memories. For details you may refer to our research finding: Wong Young-tsu, "Memory and History: A Case Study of the Empress Dowager Cixi".
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