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October 13, 1909, because the provincial council was about to open, the Qing court officially instructed governors and future representatives. The constitutional ideas prevailed in late Qing. However, China had no experiences in this political system at all, no matter the central or provincial level. Later, the provincial council even became an important force to support revolution to revolve the Qing dynasty. About the relation between the constitutionalist and revolutionist, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Peng-yuan, Constitutionalists and the Revolution of 1911 in China.
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