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February 9, 1921, Bogd Khan claimed Mongol was an independent country. 12 days later, Russian and Mongolian chiefs met in Kulue and decided to establish the "Great Mongolian Empire". This authority had intimate relationship with the White Russians. Five months later. The Red army dispelled the white army, making the khan as constitutional monarch and had the leader of Mongolian People's Party, Sukhbaatar as the military minister. Mongol started being communized. Mongol's repeating claiming independence is partly due to the involvement of foreign powers, and partly related to the issue of identity. For details you may refer to our research finding: Chang Chi-hsiung, "Independent Outermongolia": National Identity and Controverses over Its Sovereignty,1911-1913".
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