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June 14, 1873, after prolonged negotiations, the Tongzhi Emperor permitted the audience of foreign embassies. The ritual issue used to be an essential conflicts in China's diplomatics with the West. This time the Tongzhi emperor did not insist kowtow, symbolizing Qing had been adjusting itself to the new situation. Regarding the early conflicts, you may refer to our Bulletin: Yu Po-ching and Huang Yi-long, "Heavenly Dynasty and Men from Afar: George Thomas Staunton and Anglo-Chinese Relations, 1793-1840",
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