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June 19, 1916, Gaiping, Haicheng, and other towns in Fengtian were captured by Frontier Outlaws. They were also nicked named as beard bandit, beard, or horse bandit. From the late Qing on, they were active in Manchuria, and exerted influences between China, Japan, and Russia. It was a special phenomenon in the modern history. For details you may refer to our research finding: Chao Chung-fu, "Frontier Outlaws in Manchuria, 1890-1930".
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