After China was defeated a number of times in war in the late Qing era, discussion arose in both government and opposition circles. Therefore, from the year 1860, armament production bureaus were established in all of the border provinces and Beijing and Tianjin, dedicated to improving home-grown weapons quality. This represented the start of the “Self- Strengthening Movement”and furthermore and laid the ground for China’s industrialization. In the late Qing era, more than 30 armament production bureaus were established, of which the most famous was the Jiangnan Production Bureau