Under the leadership of Chang Chitung, Hubei overcame every kind of limitation and difficulty, and began the construction of modernization of every kind, seemingly more actively than other provinces: In the areas of politics, economics, and society, it made considerable advances, particularly in the case of education and military affairs, with the most significant achievements in these two areas. In the area of industry, if steady policies had been enacted, achievements should have been greater than those actually achieved. After the founding of Republican China, the wars and social instability meant that construction achievements did not compare to those of the Qing period.