The dissemination of western learning to the east reorganized knowledge in modern China. New concepts were introduced, and old ideas were reinterpreted. In this huge and complex change, translation not only reflects the attitude of new and old knowledge, but also became the battlefield for each area of thinkers to debate on modernity. Moreover, the compilation of textbooks, the operation of the examination system, and the publication of new kinds of dictionaries disseminated new knowledge and relocated the position of new and old learnings. As for the individuals, they absorbed and practiced this knowledge, which eventually became a part of their everyday life. This volume contains eight papers, including aspects of mutual introducing, analyzing, regulating, and internalizing, which concerns various disciplines such as philosophy, linguistics, political science, sociology, economics, pedagogy, medical science, and chemistry. It can be rated as the most groundbreaking achievement of the study of knowledge transformation in modern China.