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Vol. 111
ISSN:
1029-4740
Date:
2021-3
Softcover:250 TWD
Price:
未出版
Pages:
164
Vol.:
0
Size:
16 K
Other Ordering Methods:
SanMin
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Abstract:
This issue contains three articles: “The Characteristics of the Virgin Mary in China and Its World-Historical Context: The Madonna Icon in the Santa Maria Maggiore,” by Chen Hui-Hung; “Taxes, Prices, and Local and Foreign Merchants: The Cigarette Tax System during the Great Depression, 1929-1937,” by Yu Guang; “Urban Space and Illegal Narcotics: Korean Drug Dealers in Wartime Beijing,” by Ma Zhao; Book Reviews: “Zhong Han,
A Re-Examination of the Basic Features of Qing History: Reflections on the ‘New Qing History’ in North America
,” by Wong Young-tsu.
Contents
Articles
The Characteristics of the Virgin Mary in China and Its World-Historical Context: The Madonna Icon in the Santa Maria Maggiore
[Abstract]
Chen Hui-Hung
PDF
1
This research is a preliminary study of the Virgin Mary in Chinese Catholicism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, using both images and written sources. This was the first great period of translating and interpreting the Catholic Holy Mother in China. In the world history of Catholicism, the Virgin Mary often interacted with local deities. Previous research on the China mission, however, has focused on the translation and interpretion of Jesus, and thus we know less about the Virgin Mary. Scholars have emphasized the visual indigenization of the Virgin Mary or her imagery in terms of possible conflation with the Buddhist deity Guanyin, as a cultural accommodation, but we lack thorough investigation of this phenomenon and its meanings for shaping Chinese Catholicism. This article focuses on the Roman Madonna icon in the Santa Maria Maggiore, its missionary history, and its duplication in China. The Virgin Mary provides a good case for a comparative perspective on Chinese Catholicism. The Roman icon and its possible duplicates in China reveal many clues to understand the characteristics of the Chinese Virgin Mary and its spread in this period. Furthermore, the dual iconography and blend of Mary/Guanyin opens pertinent and useful interpretations in a comparative world-historical perspective.
Keyword
:Virgin Mary, Madonna Icon in the Santa Maria Maggiore, Guanyin, Savior
Taxes, Prices, and Local and Foreign Merchants: The Cigarette Tax System during the Great Depression, 1929-1937
[Abstract]
Yu Guang
PDF
67
The Great Depression that occurred in the United States during the 1930s affected the international gold and silver monetary system, which exacerbated the turmoil of the Chinese economy. The Nanjing Government sought to ensure tax income stability during the economic crisis. The tobacco tax was an important source of income for the government and underwent seven reforms. Previous research has only examined the two tax agreements between the British and American Tobacco Company and the Nanjing Government, and the selective reports of local merchants and media at that time, ignoring the factor of cigarette prices. As a result, scholars have concluded that the reforms were all dominated by BAT. In fact, the tobacco tax system in this period was a ranking system. The government used changes in tax levels to manipulate the tobacco tax rate and adjusted the tax between the specific tax and the ad valorem tax according to the fluctuation of cigarette prices. This guaranteed a steady increase of taxation income. The changes in the tax system greatly affected both local and foreign merchants. However, reports of “inequality between local and foreign” and national sentiment caused Chinese merchants to ignore the similar demands of foreign merchants, arousing their hostility and leading to passivity in official negotiations. After the proposal for tax reform was rejected, local and foreign merchants adopted different strategies to deal with the economic crisis and the tobacco tax system.
Keyword
:cigarettes, tax system, Chinese local merchants, foreign merchants, Great Depression
Urban Space and Illegal Narcotics: Korean Drug Dealers in Wartime Beijing
[Abstract]
Ma Zhao
PDF
113
From the 1920s to the end of the Japanese occupation in 1945, Chinese law enforcement in Beijing regularly arrested Korean expatriates for producing and selling semi-synthetic drugs, especially heroin (or “white powder,” as it was called by local Chinese residents). Police investigations show that Korean drug dealers profited from the rapidly growing demand for semi-synthetic drugs from the city’s lower-class residents; while reaping profits from addiction, Koreans also made inroads into other types of urban criminality, ranging from fencing and gambling to human trafficking. As this article traces Koreans’ criminal enterprises in wartime Beijing through archival materials, it also utilizes geographic information systems technology (GIS) to map their criminal footprint. The GIS mapping enables a more systematic approach to the social and criminal history that highlights the relationship between drug dealing and other forms of urban activities (such as prostitution, food services, popular entertainment, and poverty). The article demonstrates that, unlike many urban entertainment facilities that were concentrated and shared street space and customers, drug dens were scattered throughout residential neighborhoods. Such spatial distribution made the drug trade less detectable by law enforcement but incited greater fear among Chinese residents as they witnessed suspicious individuals attracted by the drug dens in their neighborhood. Exacerbating Chinese residents’ fears, Korean drug dealers sojourning in wartime Beijing were subjects of the Japanese colonial empire and thus protected by the Japanese consulate, which insulated them from the Chinese legal system. By studying how Koreans built and operated in the urban criminal underworld, this article examines the ways Chinese authorities, in the face of Japanese aggression and occupation, dealt with colonial Korea in daily administration. Moreover, this article argues that drug dealing by Koreans helped to translate a political crisis of damaged judicial sovereignty into a bodily experience and nurture a form of biological nationalism among Beijing’s Chinese residents.
Keyword
:heroin, Koreans, criminal space, Beijing, nationalism
Book Reviews
Zhong Han,
A Re-Examination of the Basic Features of Qing History: Reflections on the “New Qing History” in North America
Wong Young-tsu
PDF
157
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