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Home
> Publications >
Bulletin
Vol. 72
ISSN:
1029-4740
Date:
2011-6
Softcover:250 TWD
Price:
未出版
Pages:
207
Vol.:
0
Size:
16 K
Other Ordering Methods:
MH
Abstract:
This issue contains four articles: "From Religious Centers to Temple Fairs: Tibetan Buddhist Temples and Tributary Trade with Khalkha Mongolian Royalty during the Qing Dynasty", by Lai Hui-min; "The Starting Point of Modern China-Japan Relations: The Temporary Protocol Negotiations of 1870", by Lee Chi-chang;" Social Capital and Survival of Modern Enterprises: The Chung-hsing Coal Mining Company during the Northern Expedition", by Fan Kuangsheng;" Overall Planning and Autarky: Reassessing the Economy of the Shan-Gan-Ning Border Region", by Chen Yao-huang. Book Review:"Wu Jen-shu, Paul Katz, and Lin May-li, eds., The City and Chinese Modernity " by Lu Hanchao;" He Jiawei, Studies on the Civil Servants Pension System of the Nationalist Government (1928-1949) " by Xie Fang.
Contents
Articles
From Religious Centers to Temple Fairs: Tibetan Buddhist Temples and Tributary Trade with Khalkha Mongolian Royalty during the Qing Dynasty
[Abstract]
Lai Hui-min
PDF
1
From anthologies of writers in the Qing Dynasty and Korean envoys’
Journal of Trips to Beijing
, we can see the prosperous temple fairs in Beijing in the eighteenth century with their rare foreign items and precious furs and leather products for sale. However, these fairs became mainly marketplaces for daily necessities no later than the middle of the nineteenth century. In order to understand the development of temple fairs, we must understand the tribute and trade relationship between the Qing Empire and Mongolians. The Qing Empire remodeled Tibetan Buddhist temples in Beijing, some made into important religious places and others reconstructed to be markets. The Huang Temple and the Hei Temple housed the envoys sent by the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama annually to pay tribute to the emperor, and these two temples and the Yonghe Temple maintained active religious activities every January. Khalkha Mongolian princes were housed in nearby sites during their visits to pay tribute to the emperor. Since they were allowed to carry merchandise, this area became an annual market. Due to the increasing amount of trade, the Qing government made over a large area for warehouses and shops: east to Andingmen Boulevard, west to Huang Temple West Village, north to Tu Village and south to Guangxiang. Beijing thus became the primary destination of Mongolians’ long distance trade.
At the same time, the regular fairs of Longfu Temple, Huguo Temple and Baita Temple in the inner city were held for
about six days monthly throughout the Qing period, with sales limited to the temple precincts. The markets sold the felt clothing worn by Bannermen, eye glasses, fur coats and hats and other products allowed through the Kyakhta trade, much brought in by the Khalka princes along with their imperial tribute. By the end of the Qing, nearby streets became business neighborhoods while the temple markets sold simple grocery goods. The development of the business neighborhoods was due to people who began to rent or purchase formerly official houses around the temples. Moreover, various governmental warehouses were located around Longfu Temple and rice milling shops appeared. From this, we can see clearly the Qing Empire planned fairs combining commerce and food supply.
Keyword
:Tibetan Buddhist Temples, temple fairs, tribute, trade
The Starting Point of Modern China-Japan Relations: The Temporary Protocol Negotiations of 1870
[Abstract]
Lee Chi-chang
PDF
55
This article discusses the Japanese government’s dispatch of Yanagiwara Sakimitsu to negotiate a “temporary protocol” with China. Since the new Meiji government was afraid of Western countries interfering in Japan’s China diplomacy, it was decided to dispense with the international etiquette of the time and not use a Western country in the role of mediator. Instead, Japan chose to directly contact China by sending the Yanagiwara mission. Before the Yanagiwara mission was sent to China, Yanagiwara and the Japanese authorities prepared three goals, including the conclusion of “a temporary protocol” with China. While negotiating with the Qing government, the Japanese mission made some intriguing suggestions, including a “Japan-China Alliance,” in order to secure the other party’s agreement and achieve a protocol. Meanwhile, China was divided between competing diplomatic policies toward Japan. The Zongli Yamen was skeptical of Japan’s suggestions, but Li Hongzhang welcomed Yanagiwara’s idea of a Japan-China Alliance. Since the Zongli Yamen took the lead in the negotiations, Li’s opinion was not adopted. The Zongli Yamen (which sought trade relations) and the Japanese mission (which wanted a temporary protocol) misunderstood their opposite party’s intentions, and the negotiations came to a standstill. Eventually, with Chenglin’s persuasion, Yanagiwara deferred conclusion of a treaty and agreed to accept a memorandum that the two countries would conclude a treaty in the future. When the two countries later negotiated a formal treaty, Li Hongzhang’s position was accepted as the basis for China’s Japan policies. However, at that time Japan had already changed its friendship policy toward China. As a result, their diplomatic policies collided during the treaty negotiation. This article demonstrates that the diplomatic collision of the two countries can be traced back to the negotiations of 1870.
Keyword
:Modern China-Japan Relations, Yanagiwara Sakimitsu, Zongli Yamen, Li Hongzhang, Japan-China Alliance
Social Capital and Survival of Modern Enterprises: The Chung-hsing Coal Mining Company during the Northern Expedition
[Abstract]
Fan Kuangsheng
PDF
103
In recent years, an increasing number of articles and books have focused on Chinese social networks in disciplines from politics and economics to sociology and history. However, these studies have paid more attention to the description and demonstration of social networks, and less attention to the factors that lay behind them and the process of their construction. In fact, the most important factor in social networks is interests, and interests are what bind particular social networks together. When different subjects, whether a person or a group, constructed a network, they sought rewards from their action. Based on this understanding, social networks become a kind of “capital.” And the action of constructing a social network becomes an investment. This phenomenon has been called “social capital.” Indeed, there were numerous different kinds of social capital in modern China; here, I focus on the series of events that the Chung-hsing Coal Mining Company suffered during the Northern Expedition in the 1920s. Based on these abrupt events, I reveal different kinds of social capital that the enterprise relied on for survival. This article also explores the continuous and proactive process of the construction of the social capital by enterprises. Finally, this analysis reveals the interests that lay behind the social capital.
Keyword
:social capital, Chung-hsing Incident of 1928, mutually beneficial interaction
Overall Planning and Autarky: Reassessing the Economy of the Shan-Gan-Ning Border Region
[Abstract]
Chen Yao-huang
PDF
137
Many scholars have contended that the autarkic economy, combined with the traditional rural market economy, was crucial to the victory of Chinese Communist revolution. This view is a little too reductionist, neglecting the role of the Chinese Communist Party and state, which manipulated the economy through financial mechanisms, the salt and opium trade, monetary policies, and even violent class struggle. This article re-explores the economy of Shan-Gan-Ning border region, analyzing how the CCP was able to overcome the economic predicament it faced.
Keyword
:Chinese Communist revolution, Shan-Gan-Ning Border Region, autarkic economy, salt and opium trade, financial policy, monetary policies
Book Review
Wu Jen-shu,
Paul Katz, and Lin May-li, eds., The City and Chinese Modernity
Lu Hanchao
PDF
193
He Jiawei,
Studies on the Civil Servants Pension System of the Nationalist Government (1928-1949)
Xie Fang
PDF
203
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