Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica 中央研究院近代史研究所

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Vol. 18

ISSN：1029-4759

Date： 2010-12

Softcover：300 TWD

Price：未出版

Pages：342

Vol.： 0

Size： 16 K

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Contents

Articles

Breast-Feeding Versus Bottle-Feeding: The Transformation of Nursing Concepts in Modern China, 1900-1949[Abstract]

Chun-Yen Chou

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Children did not play an important role in Chinese history. Recently, however, children’s importance in human culture was rediscovered, stemming from the weakened Chinese nation and the Western influence. Women, being a “Nation’s Mother,” were asked to stay home and protect the nation’s offspring. To benefit both mother and infant, the Chinese started to pay special attention to the best infant feeding methods. In line with developments in medicine and technology, “breast milk” from breast-feeding and “cow milk” from bottle-feeding became extensively discussed nursing topics in the early 20th century. This research delves into four key elements: first, how the importance of children was rediscovered; second, breast-feeding and wet-nursing from modern medicine and the academic’s point of view; third, deciding factors of cow milk and such dairy products in the infant’s market; finally, the competitive situation between breast-feeding and bottle- feeding.

Keyword：breast-feeding, wet nurse, bottle-feeding, dairy products, children

Western Abortion Law Imposed on Eastern Women: The Formation and Influence of Modern Abortion Laws in Taiwan and China[Abstract]

Yan-Chiou Wu

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Modern abortion law in Taiwan was introduced from Western penal systems via Japanese colonizialization at the end of the nineteenth century. It was a sea change for Taiwanese because there was no penal punishment for women who had abortions in traditional law. Abortions were basically classified as a criminal assault in the traditional law. The law punished the person who beat or hurt a woman, resulting in abortion of a fetus which was older than three months, but not a woman who induced an abortion herself. However, in modern law, there is an independent abortion crime chapter to prohibit any kind of abortion under any circumstance and to punish women who had abortions, abortionists, and persons who engaged in trade of abortifacients. After the law was revised in 1935, therapeutic abortions by doctors were allowed for saving the lives of pregnant women.
After tracing the history of abortion laws in Taiwan and China, this paper observes some influences of the law on Taiwanese women after World War II. Fearful of punishment for the crime of abortion, most women and abortionists covered for each other, no matter what the women suffered during the abortion. The abortion crime law was also an effective way to impose sexual discipline on women. For example, abortionists chose the clients according to their marital status to prevent any social risks of exposure before 1985. Finally, anti-abortion organizations overemphasized the right to life of the fetus, invoking more and more guilt about abortion in women’s minds, which in turn created a greater market for praying for fetuses in Taiwan. This has helped these organizations lobby to set more limits on women’s reproductive rights today.

Keyword：abortion, Genetic Health Law, birth control, abortifacient, reproductive rights, sexual surveillance

American-style Nursing in Taiwan: International Aid and the Origins of Nursing Colleges[Abstract]

Shu-Ching Chang

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This article investigates the development of nursing in Taiwan pursued byinternational organizations in the 1950s.
It demonstrates the origin, formation, and introduction of “Peking Union Medical College” aid in Taiwan. According biographies and memoirs of nurses, the medical school of National Taiwan University, as well as the National Defense Medical School, all both stemmed from the actirities of ABMAC, US aid, and WHO. These organizations supplied equipment and training personnel. In addition, the system and manpower of PUMC proved a positive influence.
In Taiwan the Taiwan government started to select excellent nurses and nursing educators and send them abroad for to pursue further education with foreign aid.. At the same time, the nurses and nursing educators from excellent universities were invited to Taiwan to give advice and instruction. The development of nursing departed from the tradition of the Japanese colonial period. It was on the way to modern American-style nursing.

Keyword：international aid, US aid, Taiwan’s nursing history, nursing education

Gender Discussion and Social Identity in Chinese-Australian Newspapers in the Early 20(superscript th) Century[Abstract]

Mei-Fen Kuo

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Summary: This article discusses the social transformation of the female role, the function of the family, and social identity of Chinese Australians in the early 20th century through the analysis of Chinese newspapers and public ceremonies. It is argued that modernity and the Australian lifestyle enhanced a sense of civil rights amoung Chinese Australians vis-a-vis the traditional patriarchy that had been determining in early 20th century. Furthermore, Chinese Australians accepted the Australian notion of “social respectability” and middle class values to discuss the female role as wife and mother. However, more female Chinese-Australians were appearing in the discussions of Chinese Australians newspapers and public ceremonies. The increasing appearance of female and children together with male Chinese Australians to enhanced a public profile of the Chinese-Australian family in order to struggle against the White Australia Policy, which isolated many Chinese, who were for the most part males without families in residence in Australia, by codifying them as the “Other” of British and European Australians. In conclusion, this article shows how gender perspective provides an alterative methodology for studies of social identity and political mobilization of immigration communities.

Keyword：Chinese-Australian history, newspapers, public ceremonies, gender discussion, social identity

The Shanghai Literary Field and Female Writing during the Pacific War, 1943-1945[Abstract]

Chia-Hsien Yang

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The circumstances and distinct atmosphere evident during a war period provide female writers with more space for their thinking and writing, while also allowing these females an opportunity to use their literary creations to discuss and promote opinions about culture and gender which differ from mainstream discourse. Of course, these changes are always related to the literary field specific to a certain time and space. This paper discusses the literary field and female writing during the World War II Japanese occupation of Shanghai, and focuses on the essay-based and female-edited periodical, Tian-di (October 1943-June 1945), a monthly periodical.
Tian-di was edited and funded by the female writer Su Qing. Su used this periodical as a base from which to promote female writing and discuss the everyday problems faced by both men and women. The unique style of the magazine was quite different from other essay-based periodicals at the time, and in addition to the editor the writers for the magazine also played an important role in the creation of this style. Although the majority of Tian-di’s writers were male, it was made unique due to the female writers who published in it, especially Su Qing herself, and Eileen Chang. Su and Chang were benchmark writers within that time period and location, and their works utilized the resources of the May Fourth “New Woman” tradition, but were able to criticize and make innovations to this tradition as well. At the same time, most of the works Su and Chang published in Tian-di were essays, a freer literary form, well suited to evincing female writers’ thoughts about gender and the experiences of war and urban life.

Keyword：Shanghai literary field, Tian-di, female writing, Su Qing, Eileen Chang

The Construction of Talented Women's Girlhood in the Late Qing Dynasty: A Case Study the Lü Sisters of Jingde, Anhui[Abstract]

Fang Qin

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259

In this article, I construct a picture of talented women’s girlhood in the late Qing period using the four Lü sisters from Jingde, Anhui province as a case study. I will explore what kinds of materials these four sisters received for their education, and how these elements contributed to their reputation as talented women when they grew up. I argue that each parent played a significantly different role in their knowledge structure. On the one hand, as an authoritative image in their childhood, their father decided how they were comprehensively educated and to what extent. He was also a bridge that connected the inner chamber of the daughters with the outside world. Meanwhile, the death of their father dramatically changed his daughters’ self-perception and their life trajectories. On the other hand, their mother represented a more universal and moral knowledge source. Her ideas on not killing, karma, and feminine virtues set the basic tone for her four daughters and thus transmitted the inner chamber culture from one generation to another.

Keyword：late Qing dynasty, talented women, girlhood, knowledge structure, women’s culture

Report on Recent Trends in Scholarship

A Review of Taiwanese Women's History,2000-2009

Wu，Ya-chi

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295

Book Reviews

Deflowered: Prostitutes and Male Consciousness in Chinese novels

Wing-Kin Puk

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319

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