This book contains the revised contents of the Paul Katz’s Jerusalem Lectures in Memory of Professor Menahem Stern, presented in June 2012. Based on the Thematic Research Project he undertook with Vincent Goossaert, it examines the monumental changes that have affected modern Chinese religions, from the first all-out assault on them during the 1898 reforms to the eve of the Communist takeover of the mainland. Tracing the ways in which the vast religious resources (texts, expertise, symbolic capital, material wealth, etc.) that circulated throughout Chinese society during the late imperial period were reconfigured during this later era, this book sheds new light on modern Chinese religious life and the understudied nexus between religion and modern political culture.