This collection of essays, published by colleagues and friends of the Institute of Modern History at Academia Sinica, describe the transformations of Chinese religious life during the modern era. Historians of literature, arts, political thought, and other fields have shown how creative this period was in shaping our world today, and scholars of religion are rapidly following suit. In this book, we place religion at the core of modern Chinese history by assessing three forms of change: 1) Mutations of communal religious life; 2) Innovative productions of religious knowledge; 3) New types of elite religiosity.