This book aims to discuss Sino-Soviet relations in the years following the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Soviet Union employed “the policy of checks and balances” and “the principle of separation” in order to sow discord between China and the Western powers and to incite antagonism between Beijing and Guangzhou governments, while still eliciting sympathy among the people, workers, merchants, scholars, and other groups and media. Soviet diplomatic tactics were so flexibility adaptive that they could be called cunning schemes, whereas it was difficult for China to face multiple fronts without falling into the pit of passivity.