This book is a part of the collective research into “regional modernization” of the Institute of Modern History, discussing the development and changes in the Anhui region from the middle of the 19th century until the 1930s. The book concentrates on the period from the reign of the Gunagxu Emperor in the late Qing to the before the War of Resistance against Japan, and also features brief discussion and analysis of the political and economic changes in the Anhui region in the late Qing and early Republican periods, and also the evolution of Anhui in the period of rule by the Republican Government.