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Changing Fate with Writing or Behavior: Karma Stories and the Theodicies of the Late Imperial Chinese Examination System

arrow iconDate(s): 2025/12/04

arrow iconTime: 10:00~12:00

*Venue: Archives 2nd Conference Hall

*Host: Prof. Xie Xin-Zhe(Assistant research fellow, IMH, AS)

*Speaker:Prof. Shiuon Chu (Associate research fellow, IMH, AS)

*Disscussant: Prof. Hung-tai Wang (Research fellow, IHP, AS)

*Organizer: IMH

摘要:
既然科舉是以文章為本的考試,那麼認為文章高下無關於科舉結果的命定思想,又是如何普遍為士人所接受而成為主流?一般認為,藉由善書、夢書、掌故書等媒介傳播的科舉命定觀,讓眾多落第的考生更加能夠接受失敗的結果,因而具有安撫人心、維持穩定的作用。然而,此類命定觀所蘊含的諸多可能性,在發揮維穩效果的同時,也暴露出科舉制度本身的混亂。換言之,作為一種解釋科舉制度缺失的「神義論」(theodicy),命定觀不僅不完整,往往反倒提醒其受眾科舉制度存在眾多失能之處。本文從十九世紀中葉編輯的《科場異聞錄》出發,透過書中系統地整理晚明清初以來善書中流傳的科舉報應故事,探討讀者如何認識科舉手續上各種具體的缺陷。接著,重新檢視晚明袁黃「科第全憑陰德」說本來在科舉應試用書《遊藝塾文規》中的位置,探討原先袁黃認為科場勝負能以適當策略來爭取的樂觀思想,在後來的報應故事中如何演變成宣稱文章與科名無關的觀念。本文認為明清科舉制度雖長期存續,但對於其缺陷卻始終沒有提出確切的解答,在制度層面如是,在信仰層面亦如是。面對這種困惑,當時人因而發展出種種制度內外之間的手段,嘗試馴服科舉制度的不確定性。



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