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Research on Modern and Contemporary China’s Ethnic Politics History.
Since the later half period of the 19th Century, the Qing Dynasty had completed the transformation from a two-core empire to China Dynasty. Then, it was forced to undergo the transformation from a traditional dynasty to a modern country. The consequent two transformations had left many sequelas, due to passiveness and hurry. Then, the successive Republic of China and People's Republic of China also inherited the sequela of uncompleted transformation, while inheriting most legacy of Qing Dynasty’s territory.
In order to cope with the centrifugal tendency shown by the alliances such as Mongolia, Tibet and Hui during the period of transformation, the Manchu Court began to promote its direct governance on the outer fringe of the dynasty. By following similar directions of policies, the ROC Beijing Government and the National Government succeeding to the Qing Dynasty also continued to promote such a progress. However, regarding the goal of transforming indirect governance into direct governance and assimilating minority races culturally, they did not fulfill it as successfully as expected.
Before and after the CCP (the Chinese Communist Party) established its state power, it abandoned the policies of assimilation and provincial system implemented by the Qing Dynasty and ROC aimed the aforementioned two kinds of regions. Instead, it adopted the autonomy policy in ethnic categorization and ethnic regions, which proceeded in opposite directions in the appearance. Meanwhile, it utilized “party”— a powerful and strong centralized political organization— to totally replace each race’s traditional basic social organization. Thus, it achieved the primary step to integrate the minority races on the frontier into the Chinese Nation. It reached the goal of making the nation’s control force be penetrated into the basic level of the frontier regions.
When China’s national power was radiated to the fringe areas of the previous China Empire to an unprecedented extent, on the one hand, it encountered the trials in terms of new concept of political space resulting from the gradual formation of the concepts of meanings in territory, border, sovereignty, race, and nationals in the modern times. On the other hand, it also synchronously promoted the frontier minority races’ awareness of recognizing their own identities and even the tendency of segregation.
Through the explorations of such a process in which modern and contemporary China expanded its national power to the border areas, as well as the phenomenon of ethnic politics history during this process, it is expected to provide historical evidence based on the dimension of the research on the formation and property of nation-states in modern times. Also, through the researches on the issue of politics history regarding “frontier”, it is expected to explore the secret that modern and contemporary China connected with the world via “frontier”.
Education
Ph.D., Department of History, National Taiwan University, 2006
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