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Home
> Publications >
Bulletin
Vol. 75
ISSN：
1029-4740
Date：
2012-3
Softcover：250 TWD
Price：
未出版
Pages：
222
Vol.：
0
Size：
16 K
Other Ordering Methods：
MH
Abstract：
This issue contains four articles: " Picturing Empire: Illustrations of “Official Tribute” at the Qianlong Court and the Making of the Imperial Capital", by Lai Yu-chih; " Protest under “Rule by Culture”: The 1799 Suzhou Literati Protest and the Imperial Response", by Han Seunghyun‧Liao Jenn-wang, trans.;" Lougui and Local Government Finance in the Early Nineteenth Century: Seen in the Lougui Investigation of 1820", by Zhou Jian;" Communal Religious Tradition and “De-centralized” Local Politics: Reconsidering the Wenzhou Jinqianhui Incident (1850-1862)", by Roger Shih-Chieh Lo. Book Reviews：" Wang Cheng-bon, Independence and Liberty: A Study of Chen Yinke" by Wong Young-tsu;" Yang Tianshi, The Search for the Real Chiang Kai-shek: A Reading of Chiang’s Diaries (2)" by Chen Yung-fa.
Contents
Articles
Picturing Empire: Illustrations of “Official Tribute” at the Qianlong Court and the Making of the Imperial Capital
[Abstract]
Lai Yu-chih
PDF
1
This article focuses on the production of illustrations of “Official Tribute” to explore the relationship between imagery and rule at the Qianlong court. An examination of the various editions of “Official Tribute” from the Qianlong period reveals the integrative powers of the Grand Council, the center of political power at the time. It mobilized an entire bureaucratic network to produce images numbering in the thousands. These pictorial achievements were used as diplomatic gifts for emissaries to the court. This study also arranges and compares later additions to the original images, highlighting their compositional principles and order. The first scroll discussed here, therefore, is a composite representing the notion ofthe imperial capital, indicating that “Official Tribute” is also an imperial image arranged sequentially by geography from the political center of the country outwards to its borders. By giving away these images to members of the “empire,” the Qianlong Emperor not only endowed emissaries to the court with a collective consciousness of the Qing Empire, he also defined the individual status of each member within the empire. Furthermore, the presentation of this imperial order, in terms of both content and format, reveals many innovations. For example, the pairing of a man and woman to represent a particular place or country, a method that originated in Europe, and a much greater emphasis on “Western” proportion in representing the image of the imperial capital in the first scroll. Other documentary evidence confirms that modern concepts of the “West” became integral parts of Qianlong’s image building and imperial construct.
Keyword
：Qing palace studies, imperial image building, “Illustrations of Official Tribute” (Zhigong tu), Western influence, image production at the Qing Court
Protest under “Rule by Culture”: The 1799 Suzhou Literati Protest and the Imperial Response
[Abstract]
Han Seunghyun‧Liao Jenn-wang, trans.
PDF
77
In 1799 the Wu County magistrate flogged a licentiate, provoking Suzhou literati to protest against his arbitrary action. This article shows that the outcome of this protest was substantially shaped by imperial intervention, for the Jiaqing Emperor sought to raise literati morale while maintaining bureaucratic discipline. The protest thus illuminates a broader context of changing state attitudes toward literati collective actions. This article also examines how Suzhou people understood and remembered this event, which shaped the development of literati political activism in the nineteenth century. Local and provincial officials initially meted out harsh punishments to the protestors. However, as the event unfolded, Jiaqing acted to modify their verdicts. While not directly countenancing the protest, Jiaqing thus in effect acted to chastise the bureaucracy. After a long period in which Qing emperors had believed that disciplining of literati took precedence over encouragement of literati morale, the bureaucracy was revealing signs of decay. Various social problems required the public participation of literati. In the 1799 case, in contrast to the harsh punishments such protests evoked during the reign of his father, the Qianlong Emperor, Jiaqing limited the punishment to only three leaders of the protest, and the punishments meted out to them were rather light.
Keyword
：Suzhou, Jiaqing, “arbitrary” flogging, collective action, bureaucratic discipline
Lougui and Local Government Finance in the Early Nineteenth Century: Seen in the Lougui Investigation of 1820
[Abstract]
Zhou Jian
PDF
115
In 1820, the Daoguang Emperor issued an edict that the governors-general and governors investigate the lougui practice in each province in order to legitimize the necessary ones openly in the government regulations. It indicated that at the turn of the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods, the local fiscal system that had been established in the Yongzheng era was already defunct. Consequently, the administrative expenses of local governments at all levels were provided by the nonstatutory system of funding, which consisted of lougui (customary surpluses and fees) and tanjuan (assigned contributions). Under these conditions neither the Board of Revenue nor the provincial governments were able to exercise effective supervision over the funding of local governments. In other words, it was the baozheng baojie (fiscal contracting system) that played the most important role in coordinating intergovernmental fiscal relations. The lougui investigation was aimed at eliminating lougui practice and increasing fiscal control of the central and provincial governments. It failed, and this failure highlights the long-standing existence of the nonstatutory fiscal system and the fiscal contracting system as the hallmark of Qing government finance.
Keyword
：lougui (customary surpluses and fees), tanjuan (assigned contributions), yanglian yin, local government finance, baozheng baojie (fiscal contracting system)
Communal Religious Tradition and “De-centralized” Local Politics: Reconsidering the Wenzhou Jinqianhui Incident (1850-1862)
[Abstract]
Roger Shih-Chieh Lo
PDF
159
The Wenzhou Jinqianhui (Golden coin association) Incident of the late Qing period marked the largest collective action in Wenzhou history. Scholars have long considered it to have been a peasant rebellion influenced by Taiping rebellion (1850-1864) or a conflict between local elites and officials. Based on local materials, however, this article argues that the Jinqianhui was not a rebellious cult organization or secret society, but rather a popular organization based on the local vegetarian cult tradition, which had flourished along the southeastern coast of China since the Song dynasty (960-1279). Caught up in the development of “local militarization” since the early 1850s, this popular religious organization became a licensed “local militia,” and this allowed it to become a major political power in Wenzhou. The Jinqianhui Incident was actually an armed conflict between two local militia organized respectively by local gentry and the religious organization. Through its discussion of this “collective action,” this article also sheds light on the rise of “the politics of the excluded” and the “de-centralization” of local politics in late Qing Wenzhou.
Keyword
：Wenzhou Jinqianhui Incident, vegetarian cult, politics of the excluded, de-centralization, late Qing local politics
Book Reviews
Wang Cheng-bon, I
ndependence and Liberty: A Study of Chen Yinke
Wong Young-tsu
PDF
203
Yang Tianshi,
The Search for the Real Chiang Kai-shek: A Reading of Chiang’s Diaries (2)
Chen Yung-fa
PDF
213
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